Margarine yakafanana mukuravira uye chitarisiko kune bota asi ine akati wandei akasiyana.Margarine yakagadzirwa sechinotsiva bota.Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi19, bota rakanga rava chinhu chakajairika mukudya kwevanhu vaigara kunze kwenyika, asi raidhura kune avo vasina.Louis Napoleon III, mambo aifunga nezvesoshalisti weFrance yepakati pezana ramakore, akapa mubairo kumunhu upi noupi aigona kubereka zvinogamuchirika,
Iyo inoenderera-How process ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nzira mukugadzira morgarine.Kana mukaka ukashandiswa sechigadziko chemvura, unobatanidzwa nemunyu uye emulsifying agent mukamuri.Emulsifier inoshanda nekudzikisira kusawirirana kwepasi pakati pemafuta globules nemusanganiswa wemvura, nekudaro ichivabatsira kuumba makemikari bond zviri nyore.Mhedzisiro yacho chinhu chisiri mvura zvachose kana kusimba zvachose.
imwe nzira inokwanisika.Hippolyte Mege-Mouriez akahwina mukwikwidzi wa1869 wechinhu chaakatumidza majarini mushure memushonga wacho wekutanga, margaric acid.Iyo margaric acid yakanga ichangobva kuwanikwa muna 1813 naMichael Eugene Chevreul uye yakatora zita rayo kubva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti maparera, margarite, nekuda kwemadonhwe emukaka akaonekwa naChevreul mukugadzirwa kwake.Munguva dzazvino uno inogadzirwa kubva muoiri kana musanganiswa wemafuta kuburikidza nekuita kwehydro-genation, nzira yakakwenenzverwa kuma 1910. Iyi nzira inobatsira mhuka kana mafuta emiriwo kuomesa, kana kutendeuka kubva muchinhu chinoyerera kuita mafuta ehafu- solid state.
MuUS, bota ndiyo yaive kuravira kwaidiwa kwemakore mazhinji, uye kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, margarine yaitambura nemufananidzo wakashata.Imwe kambani yemukaka yakarongeka yakarwisa majarini, ichitya makwikwi kubva kuindasitiri yemajarini.Panenge muna 1950, Congress yakabvisa mitero pazvitsivi zvebhota izvo zvave zvichishanda kwemakumi emakore akati wandei.Iyo inonzi "Margarine Act" yakaziviswawo pakupedzisira kutsanangura majarini: "zvese zvinhu, musanganiswa uye makomisheni ane kuenderana kwakafanana neiyo bota uye ane chero mafuta anodyiwa neoiri kunze kwemafuta emukaka kana akagadzirwa mukutevedzera kana zvakaita sebhota.”Rutivi rwekugamuchirwa kwemajarini muzvokudya zvevaEurope neAmerica rwakabva mukugoverwa mukati menguva dzehondo.Bhata rakanga riri shoma, uye majarini, kana kuti oleo, ndiyo yakanga iri inotsiva yakanakisisa.Nhasi, margarine
Kubva kuma1930s, Votator yanga iri midziyo inonyanya kushandiswa muUS majarini kugadzira.MuVotator, emulsion yemajarini inotonhodzwa uye dzimwe nguva inobvongodzwa kuita semi-solid margarine.
rave rinoda kuchinjika chinotsiva bota uye rinopa mafuta mashoma uye cholesterol pane bota nemutengo wakaderera.
Margarine Manufacture
Margarine inogona kugadzirwa kubva kumafuta akasiyana siyana emhuka uye yaimbove yakanyanya kugadzirwa kubva kumafuta emombe uye inonzi oleo-margarine.Kusiyana nebhotela, inogona kuiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mvura.Hazvina mhosva kuti chimiro chii, zvisinei, margarine inofanira kusangana nemitemo yakasimba yehurumende nokuti chinhu chekudya icho vaongorori vehurumende nevanovaka muviri vanoona sechinokanganisa nyore nyore nebhota.Iyi nhungamiro inoraira kuti margarine angangoita 80% mafuta, anobva kumhuka kana yemiriwo mafuta, kana dzimwe nguva musanganiswa wezviviri.Inosvika 17-18.5% yemajarini imvura, inotorwa kubva pasteurized skim mukaka, mvura, kana soyabean protein fluid.Chikamu chidiki (1-3%) munyu unowedzerwa kuti unakidze, asi nekuda kwehutano hwekudya imwe margarine inogadzirwa ichinyorwa kuti haina munyu.Inofanirwa kunge iine zviuru gumi nezvishanu zvezvikamu (kubva kuUS Pharmacopeia zviyero) zvevhitamini A papound.Zvimwe zvinongedzo zvinogona kuwedzerwa kuchengetedza hupenyu hwesherufu.
Kugadzirira
1 Kana zvinosanganisa zvasvika panzvimbo yekugadzira majarini, zvinofanirwa kutanga zvaitwa nhevedzano yezviyero zvekugadzirira.Mafuta-safflower, chibage, kana soya, pakati pemamwe marudzi-anobatwa ne caustic soda solution kubvisa zvisingakoshi zvinozivikanwa semahara fatty acids.Mafuta acho anobva ashambidzwa nekuasanganisa nemvura inopisa, oiparadzanisa, uye osiya kuti aome pasi pevacuum.Zvadaro, dzimwe nguva oiri yacho inocheneswa nemusanganiswa wevhu rinopisa uye marasha mune imwe vacuum room.Ivhu rakacheneswa nemarasha rinotora chero mavara asingadikanwi, uye anobva apepetwa kubva mumafuta.Chero mvura inoshandiswa mukugadzira-mukaka, mvura, kana kuti soya-based substance-inofanirawo kutora matanho ekugadzirira.Inoitawo pasteurization kubvisa tsvina, uye kana mukaka wakaoma poda inoshandiswa, inofanira kuongororwa mabhakitiriya nezvimwe zvinosvibisa.
Hydrogenation
2 Mafuta anobva aiswa hydrogen kuti ave nechokwadi chekuenderana kwekugadzirwa kwemajarini, nyika inodaidzwa se "plastiki" kana semi-yakasimba.Mukuita uku, hydrogen gasi inowedzerwa kumafuta pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa.Zvimedu zvehydrogen zvinogara nemafuta, zvichibatsira kuwedzera tembiricha painonyungudika uye kuita kuti oiri isatapurwe nekusvibiswa kuburikidza neoxidation.
Kubatanidza zvigadzirwa
Kuenderera mberi-kuyerera nzira ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nzira mukugadzirwa kwemajarini.Kana mukaka ukashandiswa sechigadziko chemvura, unobatanidzwa nemunyu uye emulsifying agent mukamuri.Iyo emulsifying agent inova nechokwadi chekuti emulsification process - kemikari inotsanangurwa sekumisikidzwa kwediki globules eimwe mvura mumvura yechipiri - inoitika.Emulsifier inoshanda nekudzikisira kusawirirana kwepasi pakati pemafuta globules nemusanganiswa wemvura, nekudaro ichivabatsira kuumba makemikari bond zviri nyore.Mhedzisiro iyi chinhu chisiri mvura zvachose kana kusimba zvachose asi musanganiswa wezviviri zvinonzi semi-solid.Lecithin, mafuta echisikigo anobva muzai yolk, soya bhinzi, kana chibage, imwe yakajairika emulsification agent inoshandiswa mukugadzira margarine.
3 Munhanho yekutanga, mvura, munyu, uye lecithin zvinosanganiswa pamwechete mutangi rimwe rakatarisana neimwe vheti yakabata mafuta uye zvinonyungudika nemafuta.Mukuita kuenderera mberi-kuyerera, zviri mukati memavheti maviri zvinopihwa panguva yakatarwa mutangi rechitatu, rinowanzodaidzwa kuti emulsification chamber.Uku kusanganisa kuri kuitika, masensa emidziyo nemichina yekudzora inochengeta tembiricha yemusanganiswa iri pedyo ne100°F (38°C).
Kushungurudzika
4 Zvadaro, musanganiswa wemajarini unotumirwa kumudziyo unonzi Votator, zita remhando yemudziyo unonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemajarini ekuUS.Yakanga iri midziyo yakajairika kuindasitiri kubva kuma1930s.MuVotator, margarine emulsion inotonhodzwa mune inonzi Chamber A. Chamber A yakakamurwa kuita matatu emachubhu anozodzikisa tembiricha yawo.Mukati memaminetsi maviri musanganiswa wasvika 45-50°F (7-10°C).Inobva yapombwa mumudziyo wechipiri unonzi Chamber B. Imomo inombobvongodzwa asi kazhinji inosiiwa kuti igare yakanyarara uye kuti iite semi-solid state yayo.Kana ichida kurohwa kana kuti neimwe nzira kugadzirira kuenderana kwakakosha, mhirizhonga inoitwa muChamber B.
Quality Control
Kudzora kwehutano chinhu chiri pachena chiri pachena munzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekugadzira chikafu.Midziyo isina kuchena uye nzira isina kusimba inogona kutungamira mukusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya kwakawanda kunogona kukanganisa matumbu uye kunyange hupenyu hwezviuru zvevatengi mukati memazuva mashoma.Hurumende yeUS, ichitungamirwa neDhipatimendi Rezvekurima, inochengetedza makodhi ehutsanana mumaindasitiri emazuva ano makirimu uye zvidyarwa zvekugadzira majarini.Kuongorora uye faindi yemidziyo isina kucheneswa kana mamiriro asina kuchena zvinobatsira kuti makambani arambe achitevedzera.
Butter inokwidziridzwa ne USDA inspectors pane creamery.Vanoongorora batch imwe neimwe, vanoiedza, vanoiravira, uye vanopa zvibodzwa kwairi.Vanopa huwandu hunosvika makumi mana neshanu mapoinzi ekunaka, makumi maviri neshanu emuviri uye magadzirirwo, gumi nemashanu mapoinzi eruvara, gumi emunyu wemukati, uye 5 yekurongedza.Nokudaro, batch yakakwana yebhotela inogona kugamuchira chikamu chemazana zana, asi kazhinji nhamba yepamusoro yakagoverwa pasuru ndeye 93. Pa93, bhotela inorongwa uye yakanyorwa Grade AA;batch rinowana zvibodzwa zviri pasi pe90 rinoonekwa sepasi.
Mitemo yekugadzirwa kwemajarini inoraira kuti margarine ine 80% mafuta.Mafuta anoshandiswa mukugadzira anogona kutorwa kubva kune akasiyana siyana emhuka nemiriwo masosi asi ese anofanirwa kunge akakodzera kudyiwa nevanhu.Iyo ine aqueous content inogona kunge iri mukaka, mvura, kana soy-based protein fluid.Inofanira kuva pasteurized uye iine mayunitsi angangoita 15,000 evhitamini A. Inogonawo kunge iine chinotsiva munyu, zvinotapira, mafuta emulsifiers, zvinochengetedza, vhitamini D, uye zvinoisa mavara.
Nguva yekutumira: May-17-2021