Margarine: Inoshandiswa kuparadzira, kubheka, uye kubika.Yakatanga kusikwa sechinotsiva bota muna 1869 muFrance naHippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarine inogadzirwa zvakanyanya nehydrogenated kana yakanatswa chirimwa oiri nemvura.
Nepo bota richigadzirwa kubva kumafuta kubva mumukaka, margarine inogadzirwa kubva kumafuta ezvirimwa uye inogonawo kunge iine mukaka.Mune dzimwe nzvimbo inonzi colloquially inonzi "oleo", ipfupi kuti oleomargarine.
Margarine, sebhata, ine emulsion yemvura-mu-mafuta, ine madonhwe madiki emvura akaparadzirwa zvakafanana mukati mechikamu chemafuta chiri muchimiro chekristaro chakagadzikana.Margarine ine mafuta mashoma e80%, zvakafanana nebhota, asi kusiyana nebhota rakaderedzwa-mafuta akasiyana-siyana emajarini anogona zvakare kunyorwa semajarini.Margarine inogona kushandiswa zvose pakuparadzira uye kubika nekubika.Iyo inowanzo shandiswa sechinhu chinongedzo mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudya, senge makeke nemakuki, kune ayo akasiyana siyana ekushanda.
Nzira yekutanga yekugadzira majarini nhasi inosanganisira emulsifying musanganiswa wehydrogenated yemafuta emiriwo nemukaka wakakanyiwa, kutonhora musanganiswa kuti uusimbise uye ushande kuti uvandudze magadzirirwo.Miriwo nemafuta emhuka zvakafanana makomisheni ane nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekunyungudika.Iwo mafuta ari mvura patembiricha yekamuri anowanzozivikanwa semafuta.Mapoinzi ekunyungudika ane chekuita nekuvapo kwekabhoni-kabhoni kaviri zvisungo mumafuta acids zvikamu.Nhamba yepamusoro yemabhondi maviri inopa yakaderera mapoinzi ekunyungudika.
Partial hydrogenation yemafuta echirimwa akajairwa kune yakajairika chikamu chemajarini.Zvizhinji zveC = C zvisungo zviviri zvinobviswa mukuita uku, izvo zvinosimudza nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yechigadzirwa.
Kazhinji, mafuta echisikigo ari hydrogenated nekupfuura hydrogen kuburikidza nemafuta pamberi peiyo nickel catalyst, pasi pemamiriro ekudzora.Kuwedzerwa kwehydrogen kune unsaturated bonds (alkenes kaviri C = C zvisungo) zvinokonzera kuzara kweCC zvisungo, zvinobudirira kuwedzera kunyunguduka kwemafuta uye nokudaro "kuomesa" iyo.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwemasimba evan der Waals pakati pemamorekuru akazara kana achienzaniswa nemamorekuru asina unsaturated.Zvisinei, sezvo pane zvingave zvikomborero zvehutano mukuderedza kuwanda kwemafuta akazara mukudya kwevanhu, nzira yacho inodzorwa kuitira kuti chete zvakakwana zvezvisungo zviri hydrogenated kuti ipe chimiro chinodiwa.
Margarine akagadzirwa nenzira iyi anonzi ane mafuta ehydrogenated.Iyi nzira inoshandiswa nhasi kune mamwe majarini kunyangwe maitiro akagadzirwa uye dzimwe nguva mamwe masimbi anokonzeresa anoshandiswa senge palladium.Kana hydrogenation isina kukwana (partial hardning), iwo tembiricha yakanyanya kushandiswa mukuita hydrogenation inowanzo pindurudza mamwe ecarbon-carbon double bonds kuita "trans" fomu.Kana zvisungo izvi zvisiri hydrogenated panguva yekuita, zvicharamba zviripo mumajarini ekupedzisira mumamorekuru emafuta emafuta, kushandiswa kwacho kwakaratidzwa kuva ngozi yechirwere chemwoyo.Nechikonzero ichi, mafuta akaomeswa zvishoma anoshandiswa zvishoma uye zvishoma muindasitiri yemajarini.Mamwe mafuta ekupisa, akadai semafuta emichindwe uye kokonati oiri, ane semi akasimba uye haadi hydrogenation.
Margarine yemazuva ano inogona kugadzirwa kubva kune api zvawo emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafuta emhuka kana emiriwo, akavhenganiswa nemukaka weskim, munyu, uye emulsifiers.Margarine nemafuta emiriwo anopararira anowanikwa mumusika anogona kubva pa10 kusvika ku90% mafuta.Zvichienderana nemafuta ayo ekupedzisira uye chinangwa chayo (kuparadzira, kubika kana kubika), chiyero chemvura nemafuta emiriwo anoshandiswa achasiyana zvishoma.Mafuta anomanikidzwa kubva kumbeu uye anonatswa.Inobva yasanganiswa nemafuta akaoma.Kana pasina mafuta akasimba anowedzerwa kumafuta emiriwo, iyo yekupedzisira inopinda yakazara kana chikamu chehydrogenation process kuti ivasimbise.
Musanganiswa unoguma unosanganiswa nemvura, citric acid, carotenoids, mavitamini uye mukaka upfu.Emulsifiers senge lecithin anobatsira kuparadzira chikamu chemvura zvakaenzana muoiri, uye munyu uye zvinochengetedza zvinowanzowedzerwa.Iyi emulsion yemafuta nemvura inobva yapiswa, yakasanganiswa, uye yatonhodzwa.Majarini akapfava ebhabhu anogadzirwa nemafuta mashoma ehydrogenated, akawanda emvura, kupfuura block margarine.
Mhando nhatu dzemajarini dzakajairika:
Mafuta emuriwo akapfava anopararira, akakwira mumono- kana polyunsaturated mafuta, ayo anogadzirwa nesafflower, sunflower, soyabean, cottonseed, rapeseed, kana olive oil.
Margarine mubhodhoro kubika kana pamusoro ndiro
Yakaoma, kazhinji isina ruvara margarine yekubika kana kubheka.
Kusanganisa nebhotela.
Matafura akawanda anozivikanwa anopararira anotengeswa nhasi masanganiswa emajarini uye bota kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemukaka.Kusanganisa, uko kunoshandiswa kuvandudza kuravira kwemajarini, kwaive kusiri pamutemo kwenguva refu munyika dzakaita seUnited States neAustralia.Pasi pemirairo yeEuropean Union, chigadzirwa chemargarine hachigoni kunzi "bhota", kunyange kana yakawanda yacho ine bhotela chaiyo.Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope butter-based table inopararira uye zvigadzirwa zvemajarini zvinotengeswa se "bhota musanganiswa".
Butter musanganiswa zvino inogadzira chikamu chakakosha chetafura yekuparadzira musika.Mucherechedzo wekuti “Handitendi Kuti Harisi Ruta!”yakaburitsa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadanwa zvakafanana zvinopararira izvo zvino zvinogona kuwanikwa mumasherufu esupamaketi pasi rose, ane mazita akaita sekuti “Zvakanaka Zvikuru”, “Butterlicious”, “Utterly Butterly”, uye “Ungazvitenda”.Iyi misanganiswa yebhota inodzivirira zvirambidzo pakunyora, nehunyanzvi hwekushambadzira hunoreva kufanana kwakasimba nebhota chairo.Mazita akadaro anotengeswa anopa chigadzirwa kune vatengi zvakasiyana kubva kune zvinodiwa zvigadzirwa zvinyorwa zvinodana margarine "partially hydrogenated yemiriwo mafuta".
Nutrition
Hurukuro pamusoro pekukosha kwekudya kwemajarini uye kupararira kunotenderera pazvinhu zviviri - huwandu hwemafuta, uye marudzi emafuta (mafuta akaguta, mafuta emafuta).Kazhinji, kuenzanisa pakati pemargarine nebhota kunosanganisirwa mune ino mamiriro zvakare.
Huwandu hwemafuta.
Basa rebhotela uye margarine echinyakare (80% mafuta) akafanana nekuremekedza kusimba kwavo, asi majarini ane mafuta mashoma uye anopararira anowanikwawo zvakanyanya.
Mafuta akazara.
Saturated fatty acids haisati yanyatsobatanidzwa kune yakakwirira yeropa cholesterol mazinga.Kutsiva mafuta akazara uye trans-unsaturated mafuta ane unhydrogenated monounsaturated uye polyunsaturated mafuta anonyanya kushanda mukudzivirira chirwere chemwoyo muvakadzi pane kuderedza kudyiwa kwemafuta.Ona gakava remafuta akazara uye chirwere chemoyo.
Mafuta emiriwo anogona kuva nechero chinhu chiri pakati pe7% ne86% saturated fatty acids.Mafuta emvura (mafuta ecanola, mafuta ezuva) anowanzo kunge ari pamucheto wakaderera, nepo mafuta ekupisa (mafuta ekokonati, palm kernel oiri) uye akaomeswa zvizere (hydrogenated) oiri ari pamagumo echiyero.Musanganiswa wemajarini musanganiswa wemhando mbiri dzezvikamu.Kazhinji, majarini akasimba ane mafuta akazara.
Typical soft tub margarine ine 10% kusvika 20% yemafuta akazara.Regular butterfat ine 52 kusvika 65% mafuta akazara.
Unsaturated mafuta.
Kushandiswa kweunsaturated fatty acids kwakawanikwa kunoderedza LDL cholesterol mazinga uye kuwedzera HDL cholesterol mazinga muropa, nokudaro kuderedza ngozi yekubata zvirwere zvemwoyo.
Kune marudzi maviri emafuta asina unsaturated: mono- uye poly-unsaturated mafuta ose ari maviri anozivikanwa seanobatsira kune hutano kusiyana nemafuta akazara.Mamwe mafuta emuriwo anorimwa nevakawanda, akadai serepeseed (uye akasiyana canola), sunflower, safflower, nemafuta emuorivhi ane huwandu hwakawanda hwemafuta asina kuomeswa.Panguva yekugadzirwa kwemajarini, mamwe emafuta asina unsaturated anogona kusandurwa kuita mafuta ehydrogenated kana trans mafuta kuitira kuti ape nzvimbo yakakwirira yekunyungudika kuitira kuti akasimba patembiricha.
Omega-3 fatty acids imhuri ye polyunsaturated fatty acids, iyo yakawanikwa yakanyanya kunaka kune hutano.Iyi ndeimwe yeaviri Essential fatty acids, inodaidzwa nekuti vanhu havagone kuigadzira uye vanofanirwa kuiwana kubva muchikafu.Omega-3 fatty acids inonyanya kuwanikwa kubva kuhove dzine mafuta dzakabatwa mumvura yakakwirira-latitude.Izvo hazvina kujairika mumichero yemiriwo, kusanganisira margarine.
Zvisinei, imwe mhando yeOmega-3 fatty acid, alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) inogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe mafuta emiriwo.Mafuta eflakisi ane -to-% yeALA, uye iri kuita yakakurumbira chikafu chekuwedzera kune anokwikwidza mafuta ehove;ese ari maviri anowanzo kuwedzerwa kumajarini ekutanga.Chirimwa chekare chemafuta, camelina sativa, ichangobva kuwana mukurumbira nekuda kweiyo yakakwira Omega-3 yemukati (- kusvika-%), uye yakawedzerwa kune mamwe majarini.Mafuta ehemp ane anenge -% ALA.Zvishoma zvishoma zveALA zvinowanikwa mumafuta emiriwo akadai soybean mafuta (-%), rapeseed mafuta (-%) uye gorosi germ oil (-%).
Omega-6 fatty acids.
Omega-6 fatty acids yakakoshawo kune hutano.Zvinosanganisira iyo yakakosha fatty acid linoleic acid (LA), iyo yakawanda mumafuta emiriwo anokura mumamiriro ekunze anodziya.Zvimwe, zvakaita sechibage chehemp (-%) nechibage chemafuta emajarini (-%), cottonseed (-%) nesunflower (-%), zvine zvakawanda, asi mhodzi dzemafuta dzakadzikama dzine inopfuura -% LA.Margarine yakawanda kwazvo mu omega-6 fatty acids.Zvokudya zvemazuva ano zvekuMadokero zvinowanzokwira zvakanyanya muOmega-6 asi zvakanyanya kushomeka muOmega-3.Iyo omega-6 kune omega- reshiyo kazhinji - ku-.Huwandu hwe omega-6 hunoderedza mhedzisiro ye omega-3.Saka zvinokurudzirwa kuti chiyero chekudya chinofanira kunge chiri pasi pe4: 1, kunyange zvazvo chiyero chakanaka chinogona kuva pedyo ne1: 1.
Mafuta eTran.
Kusiyana nemamwe mafuta ekudya, trans fatty acids haina kukosha uye inopa hapana inozivikanwa bhenefiti kuhutano hwevanhu.Pane mutsara wakanaka pakati pe trans fatty acid kutora uye LDL cholesterol concentration, uye saka yakawedzera njodzi yecoronary heart disease, nekusimudza mazinga eLDL cholesterol uye kuderedza mazinga eHDL cholesterol.
Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidza kubatana pakati pekudyiwa kwemafuta akawandisa uye chirwere chemoyo checoronary, uye pamwe zvimwe zvimwe zvirwere, zvichikurudzira huwandu hwemasangano ehutano ehurumende pasi rese kuti akurudzire kuti kudyiwa kwemafuta-kutapudza kuderedzwa.
MuUS, chikamu chehydrogenation chave chakajairika nekuda kwekuda kwemafuta anogadzirwa mudzimba.Zvakadaro, kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1990, nyika zhinji pasi rese dzakatanga kubva pakushandisa oiri ine hydrogenated.Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nemhando itsva dzemajarini dzine mafuta eTran mashoma kana asina.
Cholesterol.
Cholesterol yakawandisa ingozi yehutano nekuti mafuta anoiswa zvishoma nezvishoma anovhara tsinga.Izvi zvinoita kuti ropa riyerere kuuropi, mwoyo, itsvo nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri dzisashande zvakanaka.Cholesterol, kunyangwe ichidiwa metabolically, haina kukosha mukudya.Muviri wemunhu unogadzira cholesterol muchiropa, uchichinjisa kugadzirwa kwayo zvinoenderana nekudya kwayo, uchigadzira inenge 1g yecholesterol zuva rega rega kana 80% yemafuta ese anodiwa emuviri.Iyo yasara 20% inouya zvakananga kubva pakudya kwekudya.
Naizvozvo kudyiwa kwecholesterol sechikafu kune mhedzisiro shoma pamazinga echolesterol eropa pane rudzi rwemafuta anodyiwa.Nekudaro, vamwe vanhu vanoteerera zvakanyanya kune yekudya cholesterol kupfuura vamwe.Iyo US Food and Drug Administration inotaura kuti vanhu vane hutano havafanirwe kudya zvinopfuura 300 mg yecholesterol zuva rega rega.
Mazhinji majarini ane miriwo-based uye saka haana cholesterol.100 magiramu ebhota ane 178 mg cholesterol.
Dyara sterol esters uye stanol esters
Dyara sterol esters kana chirimwa stanol esters yakawedzerwa kune mamwe majarini uye inopararira nekuda kwekudzikisa kwavo cholesterol.Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti kunwa kweanenge magiramu maviri pazuva kunoderedza LDL cholesterol inosvika gumi muzana.
Kugamuchirwa kwemusika
Margarine, kunyanya margarine yepolyunsaturated, yave chikamu chikuru chekudya kwekuMadokero uye yakakunda bhotela mumukurumbira pakati pezana remakore rechi20 MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, muna 1930, munhu wepakati akadya anopfuura makirogiramu gumi nemasere (8.2 kg) ruomba pagore uye anongodarika makirogiramu maviri (0.91 kg) emajarini.Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, munhuwo zvake wekuAmerica akadya 5 lb (2.3 kg) yebhota uye inoda kusvika 8 lb (3.6 kg) yemajarini.
Margarine ine kukosha kwemusika kune avo vanocherekedza mitemo yezvekudya yechiJudha yeKashrut.Kashrut inorambidza kusanganiswa kwenyama uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka;saka kune chaizvo Kosher asiri-mukaka margarines aripo.Izvi zvinowanzo shandiswa nemutengi weKosher kugadzirisa mabikirwo anoshandisa nyama nebhota kana muzvinhu zvakabikwa zvinopihwa nekudya nyama.Kushaikwa kwemajarini ePaseka ya2008 muAmerica kwakakonzera kukangaidzika kukuru mukati menharaunda yevaKosher-inocherechedza.
Margarine isina zvigadzirwa zvemukaka inogona kupawo vegan inotsiva bota.
Mafuta emuriwo ane hydrogen anoshandiswa mumajarini akapfava.
Hydrogenated mafuta yemiriwo inodzivirira margarine kubva pakunyunguduka uye kupatsanurwa pakupisa kwekamuri.
Majarini mazhinji anowanzo gadzirwa nekugadzira emulsion yemukaka wakakanyiwa nemafuta emuriwo.Margarine yekutanga yaive yakagadzirwa nemafuta mazhinji emombe.Ini, kune imwe, ndinofara kuti vakashandura recipe.Unogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo pa:
Margarine inogadzirwa nemafuta emuriwo anowanikwa kubva kumafuta ezvirimwa uye mukaka wakatsiga.Mafuta emuriwo aya anosanganisira chibage, cottonseed, soya beans, nesafflower mbeu.Kugadzira margarine kubva mumafuta emiriwo, tanga nekubvisa mafuta kubva kumbeu dzakadai se: chibage, canola kana safflower.Oiri inoputirwa kuti iparadze antioxidants uye mavitamini.
Kugadzira margarine kubva mumafuta emiriwo, tanga nekubvisa mafuta kubva kumbeu dzakadai se: chibage, canola kana safflower.Oiri inoputirwa kuti iparadze antioxidants uye mavitamini.Zvadaro, oiri yacho inosanganiswa nechinhu chine muchetura zvikuru chinonzi nickel, chinoita sechinhu chinokonzeresa.Iwe uchazoisa mafuta mu reactor, pasi pekushisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se emulsification hydrogenation.Emulsifiers anowedzerwa kumafuta kuitira kuti abvise mapundu uye mafuta anopisa zvakare.Bleaching inoitwa kuitira kuti iwane grey color uye mavhitamini ekugadzira uye mavara ekugadzira anowedzerwa.
Mafuta emuriwo anogadzirwa kana kutonhora-kudzvanywa semuorivhi uye sesame, uye zvakare anonatswa.Mafuta akacheneswa anosanganisira safflower kana canola.
Kune akasiyana-siyana emafuta anoshandiswa mukugadzira chikafu uye mabikirwo.Mafuta emiriwo akaiswa mumapoka maererano nekwaakabva, uye tembiricha yekubikira.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve fomula kana mabatiro eMargarine/Butter mabatiro neakaundi yekambani yedu.
Nguva yekutumira: May-17-2021