Margarine:Ndi aparadzirainoshandiswa pakuparadzira, kubheka, uye kubika.Yakagadzirwa pakutanga sechinotsivaruombamuna 1869 muFrance naHippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarineinogadzirwa zvakanyanya nehydrogenated kana yakanatswa chirimwa oiri nemvura.
Aporuombainogadzirwa nemafuta omukaka,margarineinogadzirwa nemafuta emiti uye inogona kunge iine mukaka.Mune dzimwe nzvimbo inonzi colloquially inonzi "oleo", ipfupi kuti oleomargarine.
Margarine, zvakadaroruomba, ine mvura-mu-mafuta emulsion, ine madonhwe maduku emvura akaparadzirwa zvakafanana muchikamu chemafuta chiri muchimiro chekristalline chakagadzikana.Margarine ine mafuta mashoma e80%, zvakafanana nebhota, asi kusiyana nebhota rakaderedzwa-mafuta akasiyana-siyana emajarini anogona zvakare kunyorwa semajarini.Margarine inogona kushandiswa zvose pakuparadzira uye kubika nekubika.Iyo inowanzo shandiswa sechinhu chinongedzo mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudya, senge makeke nemakuki, kune ayo akasiyana siyana ekushanda.
Nzira yekutanga yekugadzira margarinenhasi ine emulsifying musanganiswa wehydrogenated yemafuta emuriwo nemukaka wakakanyiwa, uchipisa musanganiswa kuti uusimbise uye ushande kuti uvandudze magadzirirwo.Miriwo nemafuta emhuka zvakafanana makomisheni ane nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekunyungudika.Iwo mafuta ari mvura patembiricha yekamuri anowanzozivikanwa semafuta.Mapoinzi ekunyungudika ane chekuita nekuvapo kwekabhoni-kabhoni kaviri zvisungo mumafuta acids zvikamu.Nhamba yepamusoro yemabhondi maviri inopa yakaderera mapoinzi ekunyungudika.
Partial hydrogenation yemafuta echirimwa akajairwa kune yakajairika chikamu chemajarini.Zvizhinji zveC = C zvisungo zviviri zvinobviswa mukuita uku, izvo zvinosimudza nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yechigadzirwa.
Kazhinji, mafuta echisikigo ari hydrogenated nekupfuura hydrogen kuburikidza nemafuta pamberi peiyo nickel catalyst, pasi pemamiriro ekudzora.Kuwedzerwa kwehydrogen kune unsaturated bonds (alkenes kaviri C = C zvisungo) zvinoguma mune yakazara saturated CC bonds, zvinobudirira kuwedzera kunyunguduka kwemafuta uye nokudaro "kuoma" iyo.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwemasimba evan der Waals pakati pemamorekuru akazara kana achienzaniswa nemamorekuru asina unsaturated.Zvisinei, sezvo pane zvingave zvikomborero zvehutano mukuderedza kuwanda kwemafuta akazara mukudya kwevanhu, nzira yacho inodzorwa kuitira kuti chete zvakakwana zvezvisungo zviri hydrogenated kuti ipe chimiro chinodiwa.
Margarine akagadzirwa nenzira iyi anonzi ane mafuta ehydrogenated.Iyi nzira inoshandiswa nhasi kune mamwe majarini kunyangwe maitiro akagadzirwa uye dzimwe nguva mamwe masimbi anokonzeresa anoshandiswa senge palladium.Kana hydrogenation isina kukwana (partial hardning), iwo tembiricha yakanyanya kushandiswa muhydrogenation process inowanzo pindurudza mamwe ecarbon-carbon double bonds kuita "trans" fomu.Kana zvisungo izvi zvisiri hydrogenated panguva yekuita, zvicharamba zviripo mumajarini ekupedzisira mumamorekuru emafuta emafuta, kushandiswa kwacho kwakaratidzwa kuva ngozi yechirwere chemwoyo.Nechikonzero ichi, mafuta akaomeswa zvishoma anoshandiswa zvishoma uye zvishoma muindasitiri yemajarini.Mamwe mafuta ekupisa, akadai semafuta emichindwe uye kokonati oiri, ane semi akasimba uye haadi hydrogenation.
Margarine yemazuva ano inogona kugadzirwa kubva kune api zvawo emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafuta emhuka kana emiriwo, akavhenganiswa nemukaka weskim, munyu, uye emulsifiers.Margarine uye mafuta emiriwoinopararirainowanikwa mumusika inogona kubva pa10 kusvika ku90% mafuta.Zvichienderana nemafuta ayo ekupedzisira uye chinangwa chayo (kuparadzira, kubika kana kubika), chiyero chemvura nemafuta emiriwo anoshandiswa achasiyana zvishoma.Mafuta anomanikidzwa kubva kumbeu uye anonatswa.Inobva yasanganiswa nemafuta akaoma.Kana pasina mafuta akasimba anowedzerwa kumafuta emiriwo, iyo yekupedzisira inopinda yakazara kana chikamu chehydrogenation process kuti ivasimbise.
Musanganiswa unoguma unosanganiswa nemvura, citric acid, carotenoids, mavitamini uye mukaka upfu.Emulsifiers senge lecithin anobatsira kuparadzira chikamu chemvura zvakaenzana muoiri, uye munyu uye zvinochengetedza zvinowanzowedzerwa.Iyi emulsion yemafuta nemvura inobva yapiswa, yakasanganiswa, uye yatonhodzwa.Majarini akapfava ebhabhu anogadzirwa nemafuta mashoma ehydrogenated, akawanda emvura, kupfuura block margarine.
Mhando nhatu dzemajarini dzakajairika:
Mafuta emiriwo akapfavainopararira, ane mafuta akawanda emono- kana kuti polyunsaturated, ayo anogadzirwa nesafflower, sunflower, soyabhinzi, cottonseed, rapeseed, kana mafuta omuorivhi.
Margarine mubhodhoro kubika kana pamusoro ndiro
Yakaoma, kazhinji isina ruvara margarine yekubika kana kubheka.
Kusanganisa nebhotela.
Matafura akawanda anozivikanwa anopararira anotengeswa nhasi masanganiswa emajarini uye bota kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemukaka.Kusanganisa, uko kunoshandiswa kuvandudza kuravira kwemajarini, kwaive kusiri pamutemo kwenguva refu munyika dzakaita seUnited States neAustralia.Pasi pemirairo yeEuropean Union, chigadzirwa chemargarine hachigone kunzi "bhota", kunyangwe mazhinji acho aine bota rechisikigo.Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope butter-based table inopararira uye zvigadzirwa zvemajarini zvinotengeswa se "bhota musanganiswa".
Butter musanganiswa zvino inogadzira chikamu chakakosha chetafura yekuparadzira musika.Chiratidzo "Handigoni Kutenda kuti Haisi Butter!"yakaburitsa akasiyana-siyana ane mazita akafanana akapararira ayo anogona kuwanikwa iye zvino pamasherufu esupamaketi pasi rose, aine mazita akaita sekuti "Zvakanaka Zvikuru", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", uye "Ungazvitenda".Iyi misanganiswa yebhota inodzivirira zvirambidzo pakunyora, nehunyanzvi hwekushambadzira hunoreva kufanana kwakasimba nebhota chairo.Mazita akadaro anotengeswa anopa chigadzirwa kune vatengi zvakasiyana kubva kune zvinodiwa zvigadzirwa zvinyorwa zvinodana margarine "partially hydrogenated oil oil".
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-04-2021