特种油脂应用范围及发展前景的可研报告
Feasibility report pachiyero chekushandisa uye tarisiro yekusimudzira yemafuta akakosha nemafuta
第一节特种油脂的简介
特种油脂人造奶油从发明至今已有一百多年的历史。奶油供应不足,法国拿破仑三世悬赏招募,号召制造奶油的代用品。法国化学安恶。 869年制成的奶油油获法国、英国专利。由于這种新产品的组成、外观都与奶油十刼,油油十刐,外观都与奶油十刼,為“人造奶油”,它还有一名“麦淇淋”,是英文“Margarine”的音译。(可研报告)
Chikamu 1 Nhanganyaya kune akakosha mafuta nemafuta
Mafuta anokosha semajarini, ane makore anopfuura zana enhoroondo kubva pakugadzirwa. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, mukati meHondo yeFranco-Prussia, Napoleon III weFrance akapa muripo wekutsvaga anotsiva kirimu iyo yakanga ichishomeka muEurope. Meggie, French chemist. Mafuta ekrimu akagadzirwa naMullis muna 1869 aive patented muFrance neEngland. Sezvo chigadzirwa chitsva chakafanana nebhota mune zvese kuumbwa kwayo uye chitarisiko, chinodaidzwa kuti "Margarine," pamwe ne "margarine," inova dudziro yeshoko reChirungu margarine. (Chirevo chezvidzidzo zvinogoneka)
第二节特种油脂的生产工艺
Chikamu 2 Kugadzira tekinoroji yemafuta akakosha nemafuta
(一)生产工艺Kugadzirwa kuyerera chati
1.人造奶油生产工艺 Nzira yemajarini
油相+水相→乳化→巴氏杀菌→急冷→捏合→人造奶油
Oiri chikamu + chikamu chemvura → Emulsification → Pasteurizing → Kudzima → Kukanya → Margarine
2.起酥油生产工艺 Maitiro ekupfupisa
基料油→(乳化)→急冷→捏合→起酥油
Mafuta ekutanga → Emulsification → Kudzima → Kukanya → Kupfupisa
3.代可脂生产工艺 Maitiro ecocoa butter replacer
氢化基料油→急冷→捏合→代可可脂
Hydrogenation base oiri → Kudzima → Kukanya → Cocoa butter inotsiva
(二)主要设备Main Equipment
乳化罐(人造奶油、起酥油〕、高压泵、急冷机、捏合机、背压阀、休止管(酥皮油).
Emulsification tangi (majarini & kupfupisa), HP pombi, vhoti, pini rotor muchina, simbi yekumashure vharafu, chubhu yekuzorora (tafura margarine)
第三节特种油脂的应用范围Kushandiswa kwemafuta anokosha
(一)乳化剂Emulsifying agent
众所周知油、水是不相活的,而我們的人造奶油是由油和水为主要原料生产的,二者之所以能很好的结合则是乳化剂的乳化作用所致。常用的乳化剂有以下几种:
Sezvatinoziva tose, mafuta nemvura hazvigadziriswi, uye margarine yedu inogadzirwa nemafuta nemvura sechinhu chikuru chekushandisa, iyo miviri inogona kuva yakanaka kwazvo kusanganiswa kunokonzerwa ne emulsification ye emulsifier. Kazhinji kushandiswa emulsifiers ndeaya anotevera:
1.单甘酯 monoglyceride
单甘酯是目前应用最广泛的乳化剂,是由甘油和油脂反应制得。产品有粉状、颗粒状或糊状,按其纯度可分為蒸馏单甘酯(纯度40-50%)和未蒸馏单甘酯(纯度90%以上)。不溶于水,可溶于油脂(80℃以上)。贮存注意密封保存。
Monoglyceride ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa emulsifier, iyo inogadzirirwa nekuita kweglycerol nemafuta. Zvigadzirwa muupfu, granular kana paste, maererano nekuchena kwayo inogona kukamurwa kuva distilled monoglyceride (kuchena 40-50%) uye undistilled monoglyceride (kuchena kupfuura 90%). Isinganyunguriki mumvura, inonyungudika mugirizi (pamusoro pe80 ℃). Ichengete yakavharwa paunenge uchichengeta.
2.卵磷脂 Lecithin
卵磷脂最初取自蛋黄,但由于其成本高且易腐败,生产用大豆磷脂代用卵磷脂。大豆是话。胶的副产品,主要成分為卵磷脂、脑磷脂及肌醇磷脂。 。精制后呈半透明的粘稠液,在空气中或光线照射下迅速变黄,并逐渐成不透明的褐色。不溶于水,有较好的油溶性及乳化性,是良好的天却义。添加到人造奶油或起酥油中可增强稳定性,增加食品风味,还可防止烹调时溅油,财存时应遮光、密封。
Lecithin pakutanga yaitorwa kubva mazai yolk, asi nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakakwira uye hunhu hunoparara, soy lecithin yakashandiswa pachinzvimbo mukugadzira. Soybean phospholipid inogadzirwa nesoyabean hydration degumming. Zvikamu zvaro zvikuru zvinoti lecithin, lecithin uye inositol phospholipid. Mvura inopenya ye viscous inoshanduka yero nekukasira mumhepo kana kujeka uye ikaita ruvara rwebrown. Isinganyunguriki mumvura, yakanaka kunyungudika kwemafuta uye emulsification, yakanaka yepanyama emulsifier. Lecithin yakawedzerwa kumajarini kana kupfupisa inogona kuwedzera kugadzikana, kuwedzera kunaka kwechikafu, asiwo kudzivirira kupisa kwemafuta panguva yekubika, kuchengetedza kunofanirwa kuve shading, kuvharwa.
3.蔗糖酯 Sucrose ester
蔗糖酯是一种高效而安全的表面活性剂,由蔗糖与脂肪酸反应制得,易溶于水,鸟溪亚,稳定,145℃以上会分解。蔗糖酯与单甘酯并用可作人造奶油的乳化剂,对面包、蛋糕有抗作老。
Sucrose ester imhando yeanoshanda uye akachengeteka surfactant, inogadzirwa nekuita kwe sucrose uye mafuta acid, inonyungudika mumvura, asi isinganyungudika mumafuta, yakagadzikana pa120 ℃, inoora pamusoro pe145 ℃. Sucrose ester uye monoglyceride inogona kushandiswa se emulsifier yemajarini, ine anti-kuchembera mhedzisiro yechingwa nekeke.
4.SPAN(司盘 /失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Sorbitol fatty acid ester)
失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯是由山梨糖醇与脂肪酸反应制得的一类物质,其中我司常用的有SPAN 60、SPAN65两种。SPAN60熔点52-54℃,酸值5-10,SPAN65则分别是55-57℃、12-15,二者碘值均小于2。加热易溶于油脂。最大特性是对油脂结构有稳定作用,可使急冷后的油脂稳定在β′晶体结愚。
Sorbitol fatty acid ester imhando yechinhu chakagadzirirwa nekuita kwe sorbitol uye mafuta acid, pakati payo SPAN60 uye SPAN65 inowanzoshandiswa nekambani yedu. Nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yeSPAN60 i52-54℃, iyo acid yakakosha i5-10, uye iyo acid value yeSPAN65 i55-57℃ uye 12-15 zvakateerana, uye kukosha kweiodine kwezvose zviri pasi pe2. Ichena kana yero. kuchena, kugadzikana kwakanaka kwekushisa, kuoma kunyungudika mumvura, nyore kunyunguduka mumafuta kana inopisa. Chimiro chakanyanya kukosha ndechekudzikamisa chimiro chegirisi, chinogona kuita kuti girizi rigadzikane mu β 'crystal chimiro mushure mekudzima.
(二)抗氧化剂Antioxidant
氧化是导致人造奶油、起酥油品质劣化的重要因素,防止氧化,除了考虑选用原料、加工方法、包装及贮存条件外,还可添加一些安全性高、效果显著的抗氧化剂。抗氧化剂的效果与油脂的种类、精炼程度、FFA的含量、铜铁离子、水分、光线、接触空气及温度有关。我司常用的抗氧化剂如下:
Oxidation chinhu chakakosha chinotungamira mukuipa kwemhando yemargarine uye kupfupisa. Kudzivirira oxidation, kunze kwekutarisa kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira, nzira dzekugadzirisa, kurongedza uye kuchengetedza mamiriro, mamwe akachengeteka uye anoshanda antioxidants anogona zvakare kuwedzerwa. Mhedzisiro ye antioxidants inoenderana nerudzi rwemafuta, dhigirii rekunatsa, FFA yemukati, mhangura uye iron ion, hunyoro, mwenje, kuratidzwa kumhepo, uye tembiricha. Yedu inowanzoshandiswa antioxidants ndeaya anotevera:
1.BHA (丁基羟基茴香醚)
白色或微黄色蜡状结晶粉末,有特异的酚类臭味和刺激性气味,熔点57-65℃,不溶于水,25℃油中溶解度30-40%,热稳定性好,弱碱下不易被破坏,可用与培烤食品,抗菌能力强。BHA和其它抗氧化剂混合使用,或与增效剂柠檬酸并,抗氧化效果更好。油脂中最大用量0.2g/Kg,人造奶油中0.1g/Kg.
Ichena kana yero waxy crystalline poda, ine yakakosha phenolic kunhuhwirira uye kunhuhwirira, kunyungudika 57-65 ℃, isinganyungudika mumvura, 25 ℃ kunyungudika kwemafuta 30-40%, kugadzikana kwakanaka kwekupisa, alkali isina simba haisi nyore kuparadzwa, inogona kuparadzwa. inoshandiswa nekubika chikafu, simba reantibacterial rakasimba. BHA inonyanya kushanda kana yakashandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe antioxidants kana citric acid, synergist. Iyo yakanyanya kuyerwa ndeye 0.2g/Kg mugirizi uye 0.1g/Kg mumajarini.
2.BHT(丁二基羟基甲苯)
白色结晶或粉末,无味,无臭,熔点69.5-70.5℃,沸点265℃,不溶于水,25℃豆油中可溶30%、棉油中20%,40℃猪油中40%,热稳定性好,具升华性,无BHA的异臭,价格低廉,毒性相对BHA高,抗氧化能力强.油脂中最大用量0.2g/Kg,人造奶油中中文0.1g/Kg,与BHA、柠檬酸合用以“BHT:BHA:柠檬酸=2:2:1”比例為佳.
White crystal kana poda, isingaravike, isinganhuhwi, inonyunguduka 69.5-70.5 ℃, 265 ℃, isinganyungudika mumvura, 25 ℃ soybean mafuta soluble 30%, donje mafuta 20%, 40 ℃ mafuta emafuta 40%, yakanaka yekupisa, kugadzikana, sublimation. kwete BHA heteroodor, mutengo wakaderera, muchetura unoenderana neBHA high antioxidant kugona. Nhamba yepamusoro yemafuta ndeye 0.2g / Kg, margarine ndeye 0.1g / Kg, uye chiyero cheBHT: BHA: citric acid = 2: 2: 1 ndiyo yakanakisisa kana yakasanganiswa neBHA uye citric acid.
3.TBHQ〔特丁基对苯二酚)
一种新型抗氧化剂,抗氧化效果比BHA、BHT好,最大特点Fe离子存在下不着色。TBHQ添加到暳中下到油会异臭,油溶性良好,熔点126.5-128.5℃,可单独使用,也可与BHT、BHA混用,油中最大添加量0.02%.
Rudzi rutsva rweantioxidant, iyo antioxidant effect iri nani pane BHA, BHT, iyo huru hunhu hweFe ion muhupo hwekusava nemavara. TBHQ haiburitse kunhuwa kana heteroodor kana yawedzerwa kumafuta, uye mafuta ane yakanaka solubility. Nzvimbo yekunyungudika ndeye 126.5-128.5 ℃. Inogona kushandiswa yega kana kusanganiswa neBHT neBHA, uye iyo yakanyanya kuwedzerwa huwandu mumafuta ndeye 0.02%.
(三)增效剂---柠檬酸Synergist-citric asidhi
两种或两种以上抗氧化剂混合使用,或与增效剂并用,往往比单独一种使用效果显种,此象称為增效作用。在植物油中使用酚型抗氧化剂,若同时添加柠檬酸,其抗氧化效果将显高。一般认為柠檬酸能和促进氧化反应的微量金属离子(Cu2+、Fe3+)生成螯合物,从而对促进氧化的金属离子起钝化作用。增效剂的用量一般是酚型抗氧化剂的1/4-1/2.
Kusanganiswa kweviri kana kupfuura antioxidants, kana synergist, inowanzoshanda kupfuura imwe chete, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se synergism. Kana citric acid yakawedzerwa kumafuta emiriwo, iyo antioxidant mhedzisiro ye phenolic antioxidants ichave yakanyanya kuvandudzwa. Zvinowanzotendwa kuti citric acid inogona kugadzira chelates ine trace metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+) inokurudzira oxidation, nokudaro passivating simbi ions inokurudzira oxidation. Muyero we synergist unowanzo 1/4-1/2 weiyo phenolic antioxidant.
(四)防腐剂Preservative
人造奶油中的水,尤其是水相中的一些物质(如乳清粉),特别容易引起微生物的繁殖和生长。防腐剂则是具有杀死微生物或抑制微生物繁殖的物质.
Mvura iri mumajarini, kunyanya zvimwe zvinhu zviri muchikamu chemvura (senge whey hupfu), zvinonyanya kukurumidza kuberekana nekukura. Preservatives zvinhu zvinouraya tupukanana kana kutadzisa kubereka.
1.盐 Munyu
盐既是调味剂又是优良的防腐剂,盐的财存要注意防止受污染和防潮.
Munyu unonhuhwirira uye unochengetedza zvakanakisa. Kuchengetera munyu kunofanira kungwarira kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kusapindira kwehunyoro.
2.山梨酸钾 Potassium sorbate
无色或白色鳞片状晶或粉末,无臭或稍有臭味,在空气中不稳定,可被氧化着色,有吸湿性,易溶于水,对霉菌、酵母及好气性菌均有抑制作用,属酸性防腐剂,宜在PH值5)
Makristasi asina ruvara kana chena ane maronda kana hupfu, asina kunhuwa kana kunhuwa zvishoma, kusagadzikana mumhepo, anogona kuve akapendwa neoxidation, hygroscopic, inonyungudika nyore mumvura, ine inhibitory mhedzisiro pane mold, mbiriso uye aerostatic bacteria, inochengetedza acidic, inofanirwa kuve inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwePH hwe5-6 pasi pehuwandu. Chenjerera kune hunyoro-hudzivirira uye kuisa chisimbiso paunenge uchichengeta.
(五)色素Pigment
1.β-胡萝卜素 Beta carotene
β-胡萝卜素為理想的天然色素,具价格低、有营养、色调稳定等优点。红紫色。至暗红色的结晶粉末,稍有异臭,不溶于水和甘油,难溶于乙醇、丙酮,240℃在植物油中溶解度為0.05-0.10%。β-胡萝卜素对光和氧均不稳定,遇重金属离子(如Fe3+)
β-carotene yakanakira yakasikwa pigment, ine zvakanakira mutengo wakaderera, hutano uye kugadzikana kwemavara. Tsvuku yepepuru kune yakasviba tsvuku crystalline poda, zvishoma heteroodor, isinganyunguriki mumvura uye glycerol, isinganyunguriki mu ethanol, acetone, solubility ye0.05-0.10% mumafuta emiriwo pa240 ℃. Beta-carotene haina kugadzikana kune zvese chiedza neokisijeni uye inoreruka muruvara kana yaiswa kune heavy metal ions seFe3+. Kuchengetedza kunofanira kuiswa munzvimbo inotonhorera, uye teerera kune shading, airtight.
2.胭脂红 Carmine
红色或深红色粉末,无臭,溶于水呈红色,不溶于油,耐光性、耐酸性好,耐热性、耐热性、耐热菌性差,遇碱变褐色。吸湿性强,宜赎存于干燥、阴凉处,长期保存,应湿性强,宜赞存于干燥、阴凉处,长期保存,应湿性强,应注意寘密。
Tsvuku dzvuku kana rima dzvuku hupfu, husina kunhuwa, dzvuku mumvura, isinganyungudika mumafuta, mwenje unopikisa, yakanaka acid inodzivirira, kupisa kupisa, kuderedza kushomeka, kushomeka kwebhakitiriya, alkali inoshanduka shava. Yakasimba hygroscopic pfuma, inofanirwa kuchengetwa munzvimbo yakaoma, inotonhorera, chengetedzo yenguva refu, inofanirwa kuterera kune chisimbiso, hunyoro-uchapupu, anti-kuora.
3.柠檬黄 Lemon yellow
橙黄色粉末,无臭,0.1%水溶液呈黄色,不溶于油脂,耐热性、耐酸性, 耐盐性均好,耐氧性、耐碱性差,遇碱变红色。贮存注意事项同胭脂红.
Orange yellow poda, isina kunhuhwirira, 0.1% mhinduro yemvura yero, isinganyungudika mumafuta, kupisa kupisa, acid resistance, munyu kuramba kwakanaka, oxygen resistance, alkali resistance is urombo, inotsvuka kana alkali. Kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kwakafanana ne carmine.
(六)风味添加剂Flavour agent
1.香精 Perfume
食用香精是用各种安全性高的香料和稀释剂等调和而成,可分為油溶性和水溶性两大类以外。 , 透明液存在,但以精炼植物油为稀释剂的油溶性香精低温时挥发性,走存时要注意置于阴凉处(10-30℃為宜),并注意防晒、防潮、防火处,防火处。不宜继续赞存,最好尽量用完。热敏性物料,使用时注意投入时间,并要注意使其在均振其在均挗。
Kunhuhwirira kwechikafu kunogadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinonhuwira uye diluent zvine kuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri: oiri inonyungudika uye inonyungudika mumvura. Mazhinji acho aripo mumvura yakajeka uye yakajeka, asi iyo oiri inonyungudika essence ine yakacheneswa yemiriwo mafuta seyakanyungudutswa inonyungudika pane yakaderera tembiricha. Zvese zvinonaka zvine kumwe kushanduka, kuchengetedza kunofanirwa kutarisisa kuti iiswe munzvimbo inotonhorera (10-30 ℃ yakakodzera), uye teerera kune sunscreen, hunyoro-uchapupu, kudzivirira moto. Flavour mushure mekuvhura, haifanirwe kuramba ichichengeta, zviri nani kushandisa kumusoro. Kupisa zvinhu zvinonzwisisika, teerera kune nguva yekuisa, uye teerera kuti uite kuti igovaniswe zvakaenzana muzvinyorwa.
2.盐 Munyu
如前所述盐既是防腐剂,又是风味调节剂。其既具有防腐作用,又具有使奶油具有咸味.脂的熔点较低,食盐添加量少;夏季原料油脂的熔点较高,食盐添加量较多。食盐的贮存要注意防潮.
Sezvambotaurwa, munyu inochengetedza uye inogadzirisa zvinonaka. Iine basa rekuchengetedza, asiwo ine basa rekuita kuti kirimu isa munyu. Munguva yechando, kunyunguduka kwemafuta akaomeswa kwakaderera uye huwandu hwemunyu hunowedzerwa hushoma. Muzhizha, nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yemafuta yakasvibirira yakakwirira uye huwandu hwemunyu hunowedzera. Munyu unofanira kuchengetwa paunyoro.
3.乳清粉 Whey mist
在人造奶油中添加乳清粉是為了增加其风味性。乳清粉的主要成分是蛋白质,其其体有时,其他一定条件下易变性且不可逆的特性,在贖存和使用中要尤其注意。具体影响因素如下:
Whey powder inowedzerwa margarine kuti iwedzere kunaka kwayo. Chinhu chikuru chewhey powder ipuroteni, iyo inoshanduka uye isingagadziriswi pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kwairi mukuchengetedza uye kushandiswa. Zvakananga zvinofurira ndizvo zvinotevera:
(1)化学因素:酸、碱、有机溶剂、重金属盐类、表面活性剂等。
(2)物理因素:加热(高温)、紫外线、超声波、强烈的搅拌、振荡、挤压、各种射。
(1) Kemikari zvinhu: acid, base, organic solvent, heavy metal salts, surfactants, nezvimwe.
(2) Physical zvinhu: kupisa (yakakwirira tembiricha), ultraviolet, ultrasonic, zvakanyanya kubvongodza, oscillation, extrusion, mwaranzi dzakasiyana.
4.乳脂 Butterfat
乳脂是天然的奶油,為了增加人造奶油的营养和风味而添加。低温、阴凉、干燥处存放。
Butterfat is natural cream, inowedzerwa kuti iwedzere kudya uye kunaka kwemajarini. Chengetedza munzvimbo inotonhorera, inotonhorera uye yakaoma.
(七)消泡剂――乳化硅油Deformer-Silicone emulsion
在食品煎炸生产中,有时会产生大量的泡沫,若不及时消泡,则油或泡沫会从容器中溢,作,甚至造成生产事故。我司生产的“KFC”煎炸油中添加乳化硅油,就是利用了它的消泡作用.
乳化硅油为乳白色油状液体,其粘度受温度影响不大,不燈,在空气中不挥发、性质稳定,无毒,无臭,可溶于水.
Mukugadzirwa kwekukangwa kwechikafu, dzimwe nguva kunenge kuine furo rakawanda, kana isiri nguva yekubvisa furo, mafuta kana furo rinopfachukira kubva mumudziyo, kutadzisa kushanda, uye kutokonzera tsaona dzekugadzira. Emulsified silicone oiri inowedzerwa kune "KFC" inofeya mafuta inogadzirwa nekambani yedu, iyo inoshandisa iyo yekubvisa furo maitiro.
Emulsified silicone oiri is milky white oil liquid, viscosity yayo haina kukanganiswa nekupisa, isingabatike, isingaite mumhepo, yakagadzikana pfuma, isina chepfu, isinganhuwi, inonyungudika mumvura.
第四节 特种油脂行业的发展前景 Tarisiro yekusimudzira yeindasitiri yemafuta akakosha
我国特种油品市场发展迅速,為与汽车配套使用的消费品,润滑油已经逐步转变為普通消费用品。现在随着机械化水平的提高,润滑油行业发展也随之兴起。机械化的程度越高,润滑油的使用率就越高,前景一片光明,润滑油产业市场发展将趋稳增长。
我国特种油品行业需发挥雄厚科研技术力量优势,把握国际发展趋势,不断完善相关特种油品相关标准,例如我国电力行业很少执行SH0040-91超高压变压器油标准,大部分采用符合国际标准的进口油。我国特种油品企业将会面对广阔的市场需求,迎來更好的机遇.
Musika wemafuta akakosha uri kusimukira nekukurumidza. Kune zvinhu zvevatengi zvinoshandiswa nemotokari, mafuta ekuzora akashandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita zvigadzirwa zvakajairika zvevatengi. Ikozvino nekuvandudzwa kwemakanika level, kusimukira kweindasitiri yemafuta ekuzora kuri kuwedzerawo. Iyo yakakwira dhigirii remakina, iyo yakakwira mwero wekushandiswa kwemafuta ekuzora, tarisiro inopenya, kuvandudzwa kwemusika wekuzora mafuta indasitiri ichave yakagadzikana kukura.
Indasitiri yeChina yakakosha yeoiri inofanirwa kupa kutamba kwakazara kune zvakanakira tsvakiridzo yakasimba yesainzi uye tekinoroji, kubata maitiro ekusimudzira epasi rose, uye kugara ichivandudza zviyero zvezvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvakakosha. Semuyenzaniso, indasitiri yemagetsi yekuChina haiwanzo shandisa SH0040-91 ultra-high voltage transformer oiri zviyero, uye mazhinji acho anotora oiri inotengeswa kunze kwenyika inoenderana nezviyero zvepasirese. MaChina akakosha mabhizinesi emafuta achasangana nemusika wakafara kudiwa uye kuunza mikana iri nani.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-25-2022